forked from cheng/wallet
97 lines
5.0 KiB
Markdown
97 lines
5.0 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: Duck Typing
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...
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Assume naming system based on Zooko’s triangle. At what point should
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human readable names with mutable and context dependent meanings be nailed
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down as globally unique identifiers?
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The most flexible, most convenient, most powerful, most general, and thus
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most prone to disaster form of run time typing is duck typing, wherein the
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human readable name gets translated on the fly in the run time context,
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and the run time context is whatever is on the end users machine.
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The optimal, most powerful, most powerful, most convenient typing that is
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safe is duck typing that defaults to *compile time* translation of
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human readable type identifiers into globally unique type identifiers,
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translating using the environment present on the end user’s machine.
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The generality of run time duck typing is dangerous when you expect your
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program to run on someone else’s machine.
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In fact it is dangerous even on your own machine. Python executing duck
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typed code produces surprising and strange results. C++ refuses to compile it
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without endless incomprehensible boilerplate. Haskel, on the other hand, for
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all its faults, just simply does as you thought you were telling it to do.
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Python’s duck typing causes endless install grief. Once a complex program
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moves away from its home environment, endless install problems arise,
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because the objects returned are not exactly the objects expected.
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Successive versions of the API return objects that look less and less like
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the previous versions.
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This, of course, is exactly the problem that COM and its successor NET
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quite successfully solved, but the solution relies on compilation. The
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compiled code running on a newer API is guaranteed to receive the sort of
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objects that the compile time API would have given it or fail cleanly, even
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though the api and the compiled code were compiled by different people on
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different and dissimilar machines.
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Sometimes you want run time typing for flexibility, some times you don’t.
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If your program is going to be used in foreign environment, you usually
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want types identified by human readable names, which can stand for many
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things, translated into types identified into globally unique identifiers
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by the translation environment on your machine, the machine on which you
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are debugging the code, rather than the end user’s machine. Duck typing is
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optimal when developing code that will only run on your own machine in
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your own environment.
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Source code, therefore, should come with libraries mapping human readable names
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to the globally unique type names on which that source code was tested and
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depends.
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The greatest flexibility is to have choice as to when local names will be
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bound to globally unique identifiers, compile time, or run time. To avoid
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install hell, should default to compile time, except where run time duck
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typing is explicitly invoked..
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Forty nine times out of fifty the compiler can type objects better than
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you can, and ninety nine times out of a hundred the run time can type
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objects better than you can, and with vastly less effort, but it is that
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one time out of fifty, and the one time out of a hundred, that bites you.
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Haskel has by far the best duck typing system, producing predictable,
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expected, and intended results, without rigidity or incomprhensible boiler
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plate, unlike C++ metacode. The programmer expresses his intention in a
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programmer intuitive way, and Haskel correctly divines his intent, translates
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into rigid compile time types as appropriate to the situation, or produces a
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relevant type error.
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The C++11 `auto` type and `decltype` are sort of
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compile time duck typing, steps in that direction. `Decltype`
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is duck typing inside the elaborate C++ straitjacket. If `auto`
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references a `decltype`, that is pretty close to duck
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typing. Real duck typing is doubtless a lot better, but it is
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a good step.
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However the C++11 `auto` and `decltype`
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require you to explicitly write polymorphism into your code using the
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convoluted complex template formalism and inheritance, whereas Python is
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casually polymorphic by default – and thus apt to produce wildly unexpected results.
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But even when you are not in fact supporting polymorphism, `auto`,
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`decltype` and the C\# `var` find the correct types
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better than you do, avoiding unintended type conversions, which are a huge
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source of C++ bugs. So it is better to use auto and decltype
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wherever possible,whenever you do not want to explicitly force type
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conversion, wherever the exact type is not all that important to you.
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Sometimes you really do care that this thing is a uint, it has got to be
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a uint, we are taking advantage of the fact that it is a uint, and if we
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turned it into a ulong or a short, or whatever, then the mechanism would
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break. But usually, particularly with the more complex types,
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the precise type is irrelevant noise and a useless distraction. You
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generally want to know what is being done, not how it is being done.
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Further, if you explicitly specify how it is being done, you are likely to
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get it wrong, resulting in mysterious and disastrous type conversions.
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