\chapter{wxPython Notes}\label{wxPython} \pagenumbering{arabic}% \setheader{{\it CHAPTER \thechapter}}{}{}{}{}{{\it CHAPTER \thechapter}}% \setfooter{\thepage}{}{}{}{}{\thepage}% This addendum is written by Robin Dunn, author of the wxPython wrapper %---------------------------------------------------------------------- \section{What is wxPython?}\label{wxpwhat} wxPython is a blending of the wxWindows GUI classes and the \urlref{Python}{http://www.python.org/} programming language. \wxheading{Python} So what is Python? Go to \urlref{http://www.python.org}{http://www.python.org} to learn more, but in a nutshell Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language. It is often compared to Tcl, Perl, Scheme or Java. Python combines remarkable power with very clear syntax. It has modules, classes, exceptions, very high level dynamic data types, and dynamic typing. There are interfaces to many system calls and libraries, and new built-in modules are easily written in C or C++. Python is also usable as an extension language for applications that need a programmable interface. Python is copyrighted but freely usable and distributable, even for commercial use. \wxheading{wxPython} wxPython is a Python package that can be imported at runtime that includes a collection of Python modules and an extension module (native code). It provides a series of Python classes that mirror (or shadow) many of the wxWindows GUI classes. This extension module attempts to mirror the class heiarchy of wxWindows as closely as possble. This means that there is a wxFrame class in wxPython that looks, smells, tastes and acts almost the same as the wxFrame class in the C++ version. wxPython is very versitile. It can be used to create standalone GUI applications, or in situations where Python is embedded in a C++ application as an internal scripting or macro language. Currently wxPython is available for Win32 platforms and the GTK toolkit (wxGTK) on most Unix/X-windows platforms. The effort to enable wxPython for wxMotif will begin shortly. See \helpref{Building Python}{wxpbuild} for details about getting wxPython working for you. %---------------------------------------------------------------------- \section{Why use wxPython?}\label{wxpwhy} So why would you want to use wxPython over just C++ and wxWindows? Personally I prefer using Python for everything. I only use C++ when I absolutely have to eek more performance out of an algorithm, and even then I ususally code it as an extension module and leave the majority of the program in Python. Another good thing to use wxPython for is quick prototyping of your wxWindows apps. With C++ you have to continuously go though the edit-compile-link-run cycle, which can be quite time consuming. With Python it is only an edit-run cycle. You can easily build an application in a few hours with Python that would normally take a few days or longer with C++. Converting a wxPython app to a C++/wxWindows app should be a straight forward task. %---------------------------------------------------------------------- \section{Other Python GUIs}\label{wxpother} There are other GUI solutions out there for Python. \wxheading{Tkinter} Tkinter is the defacto standard GUI for Python. It is available on nearly every platform that Python and Tcl/TK are. Why Tcl/Tk? Well because Tkinter is just a wrapper around Tcl's GUI toolkit, Tk. This has its upsides and its downsides... The upside is that Tk is a pretty versatile toolkit. It can be made to do a lot of things in a lot of different environments. It is fairly easy to create new widgets and use them interchangably in your programs. The downside is Tcl. When using Tkinter you actually have two separate language interpreters running, the Python interpreter and the Tcl interpreter for the GUI. Since the guts of Tcl is mostly about string processing, it is fairly slow as well. (Not too bad on a fast Pentium II, but you really notice the difference on slower machines.) It wasn't until the lastest version of Tcl/Tk that native Look and Feel was possible on non-Motif platforms. This is because Tk usually implements its own widgets (controls) even when there are native controls available. Tkinter is a pretty low-level toolkit. You have to do a lot of work (verbose program code) to do things that would be much simpler with a higher level of abstraction. \wxheading{PythonWin} PythonWin is an add-on package for Python for the Win32 platform. It includes wrappers for MFC as well as much of the Win32 API. Because of its foundation, it is very familiar for programmers who have experience with MFC and the Win32 API. It is obviously not compatible with other platforms and toolkits. PythonWin is organized as separate packages and modules so you can use the pieces you need without having to use the GUI portions. \wxheading{Others} There are quite a few other GUI modules available for Python, some in active use, some that havn't been updated for ages. Most are simple wrappers around some C or C++ toolkit or another, and most are not cross-platform compatible. See \urlref{this link}{http://www.python.org/download/Contributed.html\#Graphics} for a listing of a few of them. %---------------------------------------------------------------------- \section{Building wxPython}\label{wxpbuild} I used SWIG (\urlref{http://www.swig.org}{http://www.swig.org}) to to create the source code for the extension module. This enabled me to only have to deal with a small amount of code and only have to bother with the exceptional issues. SWIG takes care of the rest and generates all the repetative code for me. You don't need SWIG to build the extension module as all the generated C++ code is included under the src directory. I added a few minor features to SWIG to control some of the code generation. If you want to play around with this you will need to get a recent version of SWIG from their CVS or from a daily build. See \urlref{http://www.swig.org/}{http://www.swig.org/} for details. wxPython is organized as a Python package. This means that the directory containing the results of the build process should be a subdirectory of a directory on the \tt{PYTHONPATH}. (And preferably should be named wxPython.) You can control where the build process will dump wxPython by setting the \tt{TARGETDIR} variable for the build utility (see below). \begin{enumerate}\itemsep=0pt \item Build wxWindows as described in its BuildCVS.txt file. For Unix systems I run configure with these flags: \begin{verbatim} --with-gtk --with-libjpeg --without-odbc --enable-unicode=no --enable-threads=yes --enable-socket=yes --enable-static=no --enable-shared=yes --disable-std_iostreams \end{verbatim} You can use whatever flags you want, but I know these work. For Win32 systems I use Visual C++ 6.0, but 5.0 should work also. The build utility currently does not support any other Win32 compilers. \item At this point you may want to make an alias or symlink, script, batch file, whatever on the PATH that invokes \tt{\$(WXWIN)/utils/wxPython/distrib/build.py} to help simplify matters somewhat. For example, on my Win32 system I have a file named \tt{build}.bat in a directory on the PATH that contains: \tt{python \%WXWIN/utils/wxPython/distrib/build.py \%1 \%2 \%3 \%4 \%5 \%6} \item Change into the \tt{\$(WXWIN)/utils/wxPython/src} directory. \item Type "\tt{build -b}" to build wxPython and "\tt{build -i}" to install it, or "\tt{build -bi}" to do both steps at once. The build.py script actually generates a Makefile based on what it finds on your system and information found in the build.cfg file. If you have troubles building or you want it built or installed in a different way, take a look at the docstring in build.py. You are able to to override many configuration options in a file named build.local. \item To build and install the add-on modules, change to the appropriate directory under \tt{\$(WXWIN)/utils/wxPython/modules} and run the build utility again. \item Change to the \tt{\$(WXWIN)/utils/wxPython/demo} directory. \item Try executing the demo program. For example: \tt{python demo.py} To run it without requiring a console on Win32, you can use the \tt{pythonw.exe} version of Python either from the command line or from a shortcut. \end{enumerate} %---------------------------------------------------------------------- \section{Using wxPython}\label{wxpusing} \wxheading{First things first...} I'm not going to try and teach the Python language here. You can do that at the \urlref{Python Tutorial}{http://www.python.org/doc/tut/tut.html}. I'm also going to assume that you know a bit about wxWindows already, enough to notice the similarities in the classes used. Take a look at the following wxPython program. You can find a similar program in the \tt{wxPython/demo} directory, named \tt{DialogUnits.py}. If your Python and wxPython are properly installed, you should be able to run it by issuing this command: \begin{indented}{1cm} \bftt{python DialogUnits.py} \end{indented} \hrule \begin{verbatim} 001: ## import all of the wxPython GUI package 002: from wxPython.wx import * 003: 004: ## Create a new frame class, derived from the wxPython Frame. 005: class MyFrame(wxFrame): 006: 007: def __init__(self, parent, id, title): 008: # First, call the base class' __init__ method to create the frame 009: wxFrame.__init__(self, parent, id, title, 010: wxPoint(100, 100), wxSize(160, 100)) 011: 012: # Associate some events with methods of this class 013: EVT_SIZE(self, self.OnSize) 014: EVT_MOVE(self, self.OnMove) 015: 016: # Add a panel and some controls to display the size and position 017: panel = wxPanel(self, -1) 018: wxStaticText(panel, -1, "Size:", 019: wxDLG_PNT(panel, wxPoint(4, 4)), wxDefaultSize) 020: wxStaticText(panel, -1, "Pos:", 021: wxDLG_PNT(panel, wxPoint(4, 14)), wxDefaultSize) 022: self.sizeCtrl = wxTextCtrl(panel, -1, "", 023: wxDLG_PNT(panel, wxPoint(24, 4)), 024: wxDLG_SZE(panel, wxSize(36, -1)), 025: wxTE_READONLY) 026: self.posCtrl = wxTextCtrl(panel, -1, "", 027: wxDLG_PNT(panel, wxPoint(24, 14)), 028: wxDLG_SZE(panel, wxSize(36, -1)), 029: wxTE_READONLY) 030: 031: 032: # This method is called automatically when the CLOSE event is 033: # sent to this window 034: def OnCloseWindow(self, event): 035: # tell the window to kill itself 036: self.Destroy() 037: 038: # This method is called by the system when the window is resized, 039: # because of the association above. 040: def OnSize(self, event): 041: size = event.GetSize() 042: self.sizeCtrl.SetValue("%s, %s" % (size.width, size.height)) 043: 044: # tell the event system to continue looking for an event handler, 045: # so the default handler will get called. 046: event.Skip() 047: 048: # This method is called by the system when the window is moved, 049: # because of the association above. 050: def OnMove(self, event): 051: pos = event.GetPosition() 052: self.posCtrl.SetValue("%s, %s" % (pos.x, pos.y)) 053: 054: 055: # Every wxWindows application must have a class derived from wxApp 056: class MyApp(wxApp): 057: 058: # wxWindows calls this method to initialize the application 059: def OnInit(self): 060: 061: # Create an instance of our customized Frame class 062: frame = MyFrame(NULL, -1, "This is a test") 063: frame.Show(true) 064: 065: # Tell wxWindows that this is our main window 066: self.SetTopWindow(frame) 067: 068: # Return a success flag 069: return true 070: 071: 072: app = MyApp(0) # Create an instance of the application class 073: app.MainLoop() # Tell it to start processing events 074: \end{verbatim} \hrule \wxheading{Things to notice} \begin{enumerate}\itemsep=11pt \item At line 2 the wxPython classes, constants, and etc. are imported into the current module's namespace. If you prefer to reduce namespace pollution you can use "\tt{from wxPython import wx}" and then access all the wxPython identifiers through the wx module, for example, "\tt{wx.wxFrame}". \item At line 13 the frame's sizing and moving events are connected to methods of the class. These helper functions are intended to be like the event table macros that wxWindows employs. But since static event tables are impossible with wxPython, we use helpers that are named the same to dynamically build the table. The only real difference is that the first arguemnt to the event helpers is always the window that the event table entry should be added to. \item Notice the use of \tt{wxDLG\_PNT} and \tt{wxDLG\_SZE} in lines 19 - 29 to convert from dialog units to pixels. These helpers are unique to wxPython since Python can't do method overloading like C++. \item There is an \tt{OnCloseWindow} method at line 34 but no call to EVT\_CLOSE to attach the event to the method. Does it really get called? The answer is, yes it does. This is because many of the \em{standard} events are attached to windows that have the associated \em{standard} method names. I have tried to follow the lead of the C++ classes in this area to determine what is \em{standard} but since that changes from time to time I can make no guarentees, nor will it be fully documented. When in doubt, use an EVT\_*** function. \item At lines 17 to 21 notice that there are no saved references to the panel or the static text items that are created. Those of you who know Python might be wondering what happens when Python deletes these objects when they go out of scope. Do they disappear from the GUI? They don't. Remember that in wxPython the Python objects are just shadows of the coresponding C++ objects. Once the C++ windows and controls are attached to their parents, the parents manage them and delete them when necessary. For this reason, most wxPython objects do not need to have a \_\_del\_\_ method that explicitly causes the C++ object to be deleted. If you ever have the need to forcibly delete a window, use the Destroy() method as shown on line 36. \item Just like wxWindows in C++, wxPython apps need to create a class derived from \tt{wxApp} (line 56) that implements a method named \tt{OnInit}, (line 59.) This method should create the application's main window (line 62) and use \tt{wxApp.SetTopWindow()} (line 66) to inform wxWindows about it. \item And finally, at line 72 an instance of the application class is created. At this point wxPython finishes initializing itself, and calls the \tt{OnInit} method to get things started. (The zero parameter here is a flag for functionality that isn't quite implemented yet. Just ignore it for now.) The call to \tt{MainLoop} at line 73 starts the event loop which continues until the application terminates or all the top level windows are closed. \end{enumerate} %---------------------------------------------------------------------- \section{wxWindows classes implemented in wxPython}\label{wxpclasses} The following classes are supported in wxPython. Most provide nearly full implementations of the public interfaces specified in the C++ documentation, others are less so. They will all be brought as close as possible to the C++ spec over time. \begin{itemize}\itemsep=0pt \item \helpref{wxAcceleratorEntry}{wxacceleratorentry} \item \helpref{wxAcceleratorTable}{wxacceleratortable} \item \helpref{wxActivateEvent}{wxactivateevent} \item \helpref{wxBitmap}{wxbitmap} \item \helpref{wxBitmapButton}{wxbitmapbutton} \item \helpref{wxBitmapDataObject}{wxbitmapdataobject} \item wxBMPHandler \item \helpref{wxBoxSizer}{wxboxsizer} \item \helpref{wxBrush}{wxbrush} \item \helpref{wxBusyInfo}{wxbusyinfo} \item \helpref{wxBusyCursor}{wxbusycursor} \item \helpref{wxButton}{wxbutton} \item \helpref{wxCalculateLayoutEvent}{wxcalculatelayoutevent} \item wxCaret \item \helpref{wxCheckBox}{wxcheckbox} \item \helpref{wxCheckListBox}{wxchecklistbox} \item \helpref{wxChoice}{wxchoice} \item \helpref{wxClientDC}{wxclientdc} \item \helpref{wxClipboard}{wxclipboard} \item \helpref{wxCloseEvent}{wxcloseevent} \item \helpref{wxColourData}{wxcolourdata} \item \helpref{wxColourDialog}{wxcolourdialog} \item \helpref{wxColour}{wxcolour} \item \helpref{wxComboBox}{wxcombobox} \item \helpref{wxCommandEvent}{wxcommandevent} \item \helpref{wxConfig}{wxconfigbase} \item \helpref{wxControl}{wxcontrol} \item \helpref{wxCursor}{wxcursor} \item \helpref{wxCustomDataObject}{wxcustomdataobject} \item \helpref{wxDataFormat}{wxdataformat} \item \helpref{wxDataObject}{wxdataobject} \item \helpref{wxDataObjectComposite}{wxdataobjectcomposite} \item \helpref{wxDataObjectSimple}{wxdataobjectsimple} \item \helpref{wxDC}{wxdc} \item \helpref{wxDialog}{wxdialog} \item \helpref{wxDirDialog}{wxdirdialog} \item \helpref{wxDropFilesEvent}{wxdropfilesevent} \item \helpref{wxDropSource}{wxdropsource} \item \helpref{wxDropTarget}{wxdroptarget} \item \helpref{wxEraseEvent}{wxeraseevent} \item \helpref{wxEvent}{wxevent} \item \helpref{wxEvtHandler}{wxevthandler} \item \helpref{wxFileDataObject}{wxfiledataobject} \item \helpref{wxFileDialog}{wxfiledialog} \item \helpref{wxFileDropTarget}{wxfiledroptarget} \item \helpref{wxFocusEvent}{wxfocusevent} \item \helpref{wxFontData}{wxfontdata} \item \helpref{wxFontDialog}{wxfontdialog} \item \helpref{wxFont}{wxfont} \item \helpref{wxFrame}{wxframe} \item \helpref{wxGauge}{wxgauge} \item wxGIFHandler \item wxGLCanvas \item wxGridCell \item wxGridEvent \item \helpref{wxGrid}{wxgrid} \item \helpref{wxHtmlCell}{wxhtmlcell} \item \helpref{wxHtmlContainerCell}{wxhtmlcontainercell} \item \helpref{wxHtmlDCRenderer}{wxhtmldcrenderer} \item \helpref{wxHtmlEasyPrinting}{wxhtmleasyprinting} \item \helpref{wxHtmlParser}{wxhtmlparser} \item \helpref{wxHtmlTagHandler}{wxhtmltaghandler} \item \helpref{wxHtmlTag}{wxhtmltag} \item \helpref{wxHtmlWinParser}{wxhtmlwinparser} \item \helpref{wxHtmlPrintout}{wxhtmlprintout} \item \helpref{wxHtmlWinTagHandler}{wxhtmlwintaghandler} \item \helpref{wxHtmlWindow}{wxhtmlwindow} \item wxIconizeEvent \item \helpref{wxIcon}{wxicon} \item \helpref{wxIdleEvent}{wxidleevent} \item \helpref{wxImage}{wximage} \item \helpref{wxImageHandler}{wximagehandler} \item \helpref{wxImageList}{wximagelist} \item \helpref{wxIndividualLayoutConstraint}{wxindividuallayoutconstraint} \item \helpref{wxInitDialogEvent}{wxinitdialogevent} \item \helpref{wxJoystickEvent}{wxjoystickevent} \item wxJPEGHandler \item \helpref{wxKeyEvent}{wxkeyevent} \item \helpref{wxLayoutAlgorithm}{wxlayoutalgorithm} \item \helpref{wxLayoutConstraints}{wxlayoutconstraints} \item \helpref{wxListBox}{wxlistbox} \item \helpref{wxListCtrl}{wxlistctrl} \item \helpref{wxListEvent}{wxlistevent} \item \helpref{wxListItem}{wxlistctrlsetitem} \item \helpref{wxMDIChildFrame}{wxmdichildframe} \item \helpref{wxMDIClientWindow}{wxmdiclientwindow} \item \helpref{wxMDIParentFrame}{wxmdiparentframe} \item \helpref{wxMask}{wxmask} \item wxMaximizeEvent \item \helpref{wxMemoryDC}{wxmemorydc} \item \helpref{wxMenuBar}{wxmenubar} \item \helpref{wxMenuEvent}{wxmenuevent} \item \helpref{wxMenuItem}{wxmenuitem} \item \helpref{wxMenu}{wxmenu} \item \helpref{wxMessageDialog}{wxmessagedialog} \item \helpref{wxMetaFileDC}{wxmetafiledc} \item \helpref{wxMiniFrame}{wxminiframe} \item \helpref{wxMouseEvent}{wxmouseevent} \item \helpref{wxMoveEvent}{wxmoveevent} \item \helpref{wxNotebookEvent}{wxnotebookevent} \item \helpref{wxNotebook}{wxnotebook} \item \helpref{wxPageSetupDialogData}{wxpagesetupdialogdata} \item \helpref{wxPageSetupDialog}{wxpagesetupdialog} \item \helpref{wxPaintDC}{wxpaintdc} \item \helpref{wxPaintEvent}{wxpaintevent} \item \helpref{wxPalette}{wxpalette} \item \helpref{wxPanel}{wxpanel} \item \helpref{wxPen}{wxpen} \item wxPNGHandler \item \helpref{wxPoint}{wxpoint} \item \helpref{wxPostScriptDC}{wxpostscriptdc} \item \helpref{wxPreviewFrame}{wxpreviewframe} \item \helpref{wxPrintData}{wxprintdata} \item \helpref{wxPrintDialogData}{wxprintdialogdata} \item \helpref{wxPrintDialog}{wxprintdialog} \item \helpref{wxPrinter}{wxprinter} \item \helpref{wxPrintPreview}{wxprintpreview} \item \helpref{wxPrinterDC}{wxprinterdc} \item \helpref{wxPrintout}{wxprintout} \item \helpref{wxQueryLayoutInfoEvent}{wxquerylayoutinfoevent} \item \helpref{wxRadioBox}{wxradiobox} \item \helpref{wxRadioButton}{wxradiobutton} \item \helpref{wxRealPoint}{wxrealpoint} \item \helpref{wxRect}{wxrect} \item \helpref{wxRegionIterator}{wxregioniterator} \item \helpref{wxRegion}{wxregion} \item \helpref{wxSashEvent}{wxsashevent} \item \helpref{wxSashLayoutWindow}{wxsashlayoutwindow} \item \helpref{wxSashWindow}{wxsashwindow} \item \helpref{wxScreenDC}{wxscreendc} \item \helpref{wxScrollBar}{wxscrollbar} \item \helpref{wxScrollEvent}{wxscrollevent} \item \helpref{wxScrolledWindow}{wxscrolledwindow} \item \helpref{wxScrollWinEvent}{wxscrollwinevent} \item wxShowEvent \item \helpref{wxSingleChoiceDialog}{wxsinglechoicedialog} \item \helpref{wxSizeEvent}{wxsizeevent} \item \helpref{wxSize}{wxsize} \item \helpref{wxSizer}{wxsizer} \item wxSizerItem \item \helpref{wxSlider}{wxslider} \item \helpref{wxSpinButton}{wxspinbutton} \item wxSpinEvent \item \helpref{wxSplitterWindow}{wxsplitterwindow} \item \helpref{wxStaticBitmap}{wxstaticbitmap} \item \helpref{wxStaticBox}{wxstaticbox} \item \helpref{wxStaticBoxSizer}{wxstaticboxsizer} \item \helpref{wxStaticLine}{wxstaticline} \item \helpref{wxStaticText}{wxstatictext} \item \helpref{wxStatusBar}{wxstatusbar} \item \helpref{wxSysColourChangedEvent}{wxsyscolourchangedevent} \item \helpref{wxTaskBarIcon}{wxtaskbaricon} \item \helpref{wxTextCtrl}{wxtextctrl} \item \helpref{wxTextDataObject}{wxtextdataobject} \item \helpref{wxTextDropTarget}{wxtextdroptarget} \item \helpref{wxTextEntryDialog}{wxtextentrydialog} \item \helpref{wxTimer}{wxtimer} \item wxToolBarTool \item \helpref{wxToolBar}{wxtoolbar} \item wxToolTip \item \helpref{wxTreeCtrl}{wxtreectrl} \item \helpref{wxTreeEvent}{wxtreeevent} \item \helpref{wxTreeItemData}{wxtreeitemdata} \item wxTreeItemId \item \helpref{wxUpdateUIEvent}{wxupdateuievent} \item \helpref{wxValidator}{wxvalidator} \item \helpref{wxWindowDC}{wxwindowdc} \item \helpref{wxWindow}{wxwindow} \end{itemize} %---------------------------------------------------------------------- \section{Where to go for help}\label{wxphelp} Since wxPython is a blending of multiple technologies, help comes from multiple sources. See \urlref{http://alldunn.com/wxPython}{http://alldunn.com/wxPython} for details on various sources of help, but probably the best source is the wxPython-users mail list. You can view the archive or subscribe by going to \urlref{http://starship.python.net/mailman/listinfo/wxpython-users}{http://starship.python.net/mailman/listinfo/wxpython-users} Or you can send mail directly to the list using this address: wxpython-users@starship.python.net