///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Name: unicode.h // Purpose: topic overview // Author: wxWidgets team // RCS-ID: $Id$ // Licence: wxWindows licence ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// /** @page overview_unicode Unicode Support in wxWidgets This section describes how does wxWidgets support Unicode and how can it affect your programs. Notice that Unicode support has changed radically in wxWidgets 3.0 and a lot of existing material pertaining to the previous versions of the library is not correct any more. Please see @ref overview_changes_unicode for the details of these changes. You can skip the first two sections if you're already familiar with Unicode and wish to jump directly in the details of its support in the library: @li @ref overview_unicode_what @li @ref overview_unicode_encodings @li @ref overview_unicode_supportin @li @ref overview_unicode_pitfalls @li @ref overview_unicode_supportout @li @ref overview_unicode_settings
@section overview_unicode_what What is Unicode? Unicode is a standard for character encoding which addresses the shortcomings of the previous standards (e.g. the ASCII standard), by using 8, 16 or 32 bits for encoding each character. This allows enough code points (see below for the definition) sufficient to encode all of the world languages at once. More details about Unicode may be found at http://www.unicode.org/. From a practical point of view, using Unicode is almost a requirement when writing applications for international audience. Moreover, any application reading files which it didn't produce or receiving data from the network from other services should be ready to deal with Unicode. @section overview_unicode_encodings Unicode Representations and Terminology When working with Unicode, it's important to define the meaning of some terms. A glyph is a particular image (usually part of a font) that represents a character or part of a character. Any character may have one or more glyph associated; e.g. some of the possible glyphs for the capital letter 'A' are: @image html overview_unicode_glyphs.png Unicode assigns each character of almost any existing alphabet/script a number, which is called code point; it's typically indicated in documentation manuals and in the Unicode website as @c U+xxxx where @c xxxx is an hexadecimal number. Note that typically one character is assigned exactly one code point, but there are exceptions; the so-called precomposed characters (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precomposed_character) or the ligatures. In these cases a single "character" may be mapped to more than one code point or viceversa more characters may be mapped to a single code point. The Unicode standard divides the space of all possible code points in planes; a plane is a range of 65,536 (1000016) contiguous Unicode code points. Planes are numbered from 0 to 16, where the first one is the @e BMP, or Basic Multilingual Plane. The BMP contains characters for all modern languages, and a large number of special characters. The other planes in fact contain mainly historic scripts, special-purpose characters or are unused. Code points are represented in computer memory as a sequence of one or more code units, where a code unit is a unit of memory: 8, 16, or 32 bits. More precisely, a code unit is the minimal bit combination that can represent a unit of encoded text for processing or interchange. The UTF or Unicode Transformation Formats are algorithms mapping the Unicode code points to code unit sequences. The simplest of them is UTF-32 where each code unit is composed by 32 bits (4 bytes) and each code point is always represented by a single code unit (fixed length encoding). (Note that even UTF-32 is still not completely trivial as the mapping is different for little and big-endian architectures). UTF-32 is commonly used under Unix systems for internal representation of Unicode strings. Another very widespread standard is UTF-16 which is used by Microsoft Windows: it encodes the first (approximately) 64 thousands of Unicode code points (the BMP plane) using 16-bit code units (2 bytes) and uses a pair of 16-bit code units to encode the characters beyond this. These pairs are called @e surrogate. Thus UTF16 uses a variable number of code units to encode each code point. Finally, the most widespread encoding used for the external Unicode storage (e.g. files and network protocols) is UTF-8 which is byte-oriented and so avoids the endianness ambiguities of UTF-16 and UTF-32. UTF-8 uses code units of 8 bits (1 byte); code points beyond the usual english alphabet are represented using a variable number of bytes, which makes it less efficient than UTF-32 for internal representation. As visual aid to understand the differences between the various concepts described so far, look at the different UTF representations of the same code point: @image html overview_unicode_codes.png In this particular case UTF8 requires more space than UTF16 (3 bytes instead of 2). Note that from the C/C++ programmer perspective the situation is further complicated by the fact that the standard type @c wchar_t which is usually used to represent the Unicode ("wide") strings in C/C++ doesn't have the same size on all platforms. It is 4 bytes under Unix systems, corresponding to the tradition of using UTF-32, but only 2 bytes under Windows which is required by compatibility with the OS which uses UTF-16. Typically when UTF8 is used, code units are stored into @c char types, since @c char are 8bit wide on almost all systems; when using UTF16 typically code units are stored into @c wchar_t types since @c wchar_t is at least 16bits on all systems. This is also the approach used by wxString. See @ref overview_string for more info. See also http://unicode.org/glossary/ for the official definitions of the terms reported above. @section overview_unicode_supportin Unicode Support in wxWidgets Since wxWidgets 3.0 Unicode support is always enabled and building the library without it is not recommended any longer and will cease to be supported in the near future. This means that internally only Unicode strings are used and that, under Microsoft Windows, Unicode system API is used which means that wxWidgets programs require the Microsoft Layer for Unicode to run on Windows 95/98/ME. However, unlike the Unicode build mode of the previous versions of wxWidgets, this support is mostly transparent: you can still continue to work with the @b narrow (i.e. current locale-encoded @c char*) strings even if @b wide (i.e. UTF16-encoded @c wchar_t* or UTF8-encoded @c char*) strings are also supported. Any wxWidgets function accepts arguments of either type as both kinds of strings are implicitly converted to wxString, so both @code wxMessageBox("Hello, world!"); @endcode and the somewhat less usual @code wxMessageBox(L"Salut \u00E0 toi!"); // U+00E0 is "Latin Small Letter a with Grave" @endcode work as expected. Notice that the narrow strings used with wxWidgets are @e always assumed to be in the current locale encoding, so writing @code wxMessageBox("Salut à toi!"); @endcode wouldn't work if the encoding used on the user system is incompatible with ISO-8859-1 (or even if the sources were compiled under different locale in the case of gcc). In particular, the most common encoding used under modern Unix systems is UTF-8 and as the string above is not a valid UTF-8 byte sequence, nothing would be displayed at all in this case. Thus it is important to never use 8-bit (instead of 7-bit) characters directly in the program source but use wide strings or, alternatively, write: @code wxMessageBox(wxString::FromUTF8("Salut \xC3\xA0 toi!")); // in UTF8 the character U+00E0 is encoded as 0xC3A0 @endcode In a similar way, wxString provides access to its contents as either @c wchar_t or @c char character buffer. Of course, the latter only works if the string contains data representable in the current locale encoding. This will always be the case if the string had been initially constructed from a narrow string or if it contains only 7-bit ASCII data but otherwise this conversion is not guaranteed to succeed. And as with wxString::FromUTF8() example above, you can always use wxString::ToUTF8() to retrieve the string contents in UTF-8 encoding -- this, unlike converting to @c char* using the current locale, never fails. For more info about how wxString works, please see the @ref overview_string. To summarize, Unicode support in wxWidgets is mostly @b transparent for the application and if you use wxString objects for storing all the character data in your program there is really nothing special to do. However you should be aware of the potential problems covered by the following section. @section overview_unicode_pitfalls Potential Unicode Pitfalls The problems can be separated into three broad classes: @subsection overview_unicode_compilation_errors Unicode-Related Compilation Errors Because of the need to support implicit conversions to both @c char and @c wchar_t, wxString implementation is rather involved and many of its operators don't return the types which they could be naively expected to return. For example, the @c operator[] doesn't return neither a @c char nor a @c wchar_t but an object of a helper class wxUniChar or wxUniCharRef which is implicitly convertible to either. Usually you don't need to worry about this as the conversions do their work behind the scenes however in some cases it doesn't work. Here are some examples, using a wxString object @c s and some integer @c n: - Writing @code switch ( s[n] ) @endcode doesn't work because the argument of the switch statement must an integer expression so you need to replace @c s[n] with @code s[n].GetValue() @endcode. You may also force the conversion to @c char or @c wchar_t by using an explicit cast but beware that converting the value to char uses the conversion to current locale and may return 0 if it fails. Finally notice that writing @code (wxChar)s[n] @endcode works both with wxWidgets 3.0 and previous library versions and so should be used for writing code which should be compatible with both 2.8 and 3.0. - Similarly, @code &s[n] @endcode doesn't yield a pointer to char so you may not pass it to functions expecting @c char* or @c wchar_t*. Consider using string iterators instead if possible or replace this expression with @code s.c_str() + n @endcode otherwise. Another class of problems is related to the fact that the value returned by @c c_str() itself is also not just a pointer to a buffer but a value of helper class wxCStrData which is implicitly convertible to both narrow and wide strings. Again, this mostly will be unnoticeable but can result in some problems: - You shouldn't pass @c c_str() result to vararg functions such as standard @c printf(). Some compilers (notably g++) warn about this but even if they don't, this @code printf("Hello, %s", s.c_str()) @endcode is not going to work. It can be corrected in one of the following ways: - Preferred: @code wxPrintf("Hello, %s", s) @endcode (notice the absence of @c c_str(), it is not needed at all with wxWidgets functions) - Compatible with wxWidgets 2.8: @code wxPrintf("Hello, %s", s.c_str()) @endcode - Using an explicit conversion to narrow, multibyte, string: @code printf("Hello, %s", (const char *)s.mb_str()) @endcode - Using a cast to force the issue (listed only for completeness): @code printf("Hello, %s", (const char *)s.c_str()) @endcode - The result of @c c_str() can not be cast to @c char* but only to @c const @c @c char*. Of course, modifying the string via the pointer returned by this method has never been possible but unfortunately it was occasionally useful to use a @c const_cast here to pass the value to const-incorrect functions. This can be done either using new wxString::char_str() (and matching wchar_str()) method or by writing a double cast: @code (char *)(const char *)s.c_str() @endcode - One of the unfortunate consequences of the possibility to pass wxString to @c wxPrintf() without using @c c_str() is that it is now impossible to pass the elements of unnamed enumerations to @c wxPrintf() and other similar vararg functions, i.e. @code enum { Red, Green, Blue }; wxPrintf("Red is %d", Red); @endcode doesn't compile. The easiest workaround is to give a name to the enum. Other unexpected compilation errors may arise but they should happen even more rarely than the above-mentioned ones and the solution should usually be quite simple: just use the explicit methods of wxUniChar and wxCStrData classes instead of relying on their implicit conversions if the compiler can't choose among them. @subsection overview_unicode_data_loss Data Loss due To Unicode Conversion Errors wxString API provides implicit conversion of the internal Unicode string contents to narrow, char strings. This can be very convenient and is absolutely necessary for backwards compatibility with the existing code using wxWidgets however it is a rather dangerous operation as it can easily give unexpected results if the string contents isn't convertible to the current locale. To be precise, the conversion will always succeed if the string was created from a narrow string initially. It will also succeed if the current encoding is UTF-8 as all Unicode strings are representable in this encoding. However initializing the string using wxString::FromUTF8() method and then accessing it as a char string via its wxString::c_str() method is a recipe for disaster as the program may work perfectly well during testing on Unix systems using UTF-8 locale but completely fail under Windows where UTF-8 locales are never used because wxString::c_str() would return an empty string. The simplest way to ensure that this doesn't happen is to avoid conversions to @c char* completely by using wxString throughout your program. However if the program never manipulates 8 bit strings internally, using @c char* pointers is safe as well. So the existing code needs to be reviewed when upgrading to wxWidgets 3.0 and the new code should be used with this in mind and ideally avoiding implicit conversions to @c char*. @subsection overview_unicode_performance Unicode Performance Implications Under Unix systems wxString class uses variable-width UTF-8 encoding for internal representation and this implies that it can't guarantee constant-time access to N-th element of the string any longer as to find the position of this character in the string we have to examine all the preceding ones. Usually this doesn't matter much because most algorithms used on the strings examine them sequentially anyhow and because wxString implements a cache for iterating over the string by index but it can have serious consequences for algorithms using random access to string elements as they typically acquire O(N^2) time complexity instead of O(N) where N is the length of the string. Even despite caching the index, indexed access should be replaced with sequential access using string iterators. For example a typical loop: @code wxString s("hello"); for ( size_t i = 0; i < s.length(); i++ ) { wchar_t ch = s[i]; // do something with it } @endcode should be rewritten as @code wxString s("hello"); for ( wxString::const_iterator i = s.begin(); i != s.end(); ++i ) { wchar_t ch = *i // do something with it } @endcode Another, similar, alternative is to use pointer arithmetic: @code wxString s("hello"); for ( const wchar_t *p = s.wc_str(); *p; p++ ) { wchar_t ch = *i // do something with it } @endcode however this doesn't work correctly for strings with embedded @c NUL characters and the use of iterators is generally preferred as they provide some run-time checks (at least in debug build) unlike the raw pointers. But if you do use them, it is better to use @c wchar_t pointers rather than @c char ones to avoid the data loss problems due to conversion as discussed in the previous section. @section overview_unicode_supportout Unicode and the Outside World Even though wxWidgets always uses Unicode internally, not all the other libraries and programs do and even those that do use Unicode may use a different encoding of it. So you need to be able to convert the data to various representations and the wxString methods wxString::ToAscii(), wxString::ToUTF8() (or its synonym wxString::utf8_str()), wxString::mb_str(), wxString::c_str() and wxString::wc_str() can be used for this. The first of them should be only used for the string containing 7-bit ASCII characters only, anything else will be replaced by some substitution character. wxString::mb_str() converts the string to the encoding used by the current locale and so can return an empty string if the string contains characters not representable in it as explained in @ref overview_unicode_data_loss. The same applies to wxString::c_str() if its result is used as a narrow string. Finally, wxString::ToUTF8() and wxString::wc_str() functions never fail and always return a pointer to char string containing the UTF-8 representation of the string or @c wchar_t string. wxString also provides two convenience functions: wxString::From8BitData() and wxString::To8BitData(). They can be used to create a wxString from arbitrary binary data without supposing that it is in current locale encoding, and then get it back, again, without any conversion or, rather, undoing the conversion used by wxString::From8BitData(). Because of this you should only use wxString::From8BitData() for the strings created using wxString::To8BitData(). Also notice that in spite of the availability of these functions, wxString is not the ideal class for storing arbitrary binary data as they can take up to 4 times more space than needed (when using @c wchar_t internal representation on the systems where size of wide characters is 4 bytes) and you should consider using wxMemoryBuffer instead. Final word of caution: most of these functions may return either directly the pointer to internal string buffer or a temporary wxCharBuffer or wxWCharBuffer object. Such objects are implicitly convertible to @c char and @c wchar_t pointers, respectively, and so the result of, for example, wxString::ToUTF8() can always be passed directly to a function taking const char*. However code such as @code const char *p = s.ToUTF8(); ... puts(p); // or call any other function taking const char * @endcode does @b not work because the temporary buffer returned by wxString::ToUTF8() is destroyed and @c p is left pointing nowhere. To correct this you should use @code const wxScopedCharBuffer p(s.ToUTF8()); puts(p); @endcode which does work. Similarly, wxWX2WCbuf can be used for the return type of wxString::wc_str(). But, once again, none of these cryptic types is really needed if you just pass the return value of any of the functions mentioned in this section to another function directly. @section overview_unicode_settings Unicode Related Compilation Settings @c wxUSE_UNICODE is now defined as @c 1 by default to indicate Unicode support. If UTF-8 is used for the internal storage in wxString, @c wxUSE_UNICODE_UTF8 is also defined, otherwise @c wxUSE_UNICODE_WCHAR is. You are encouraged to always use the default build settings of wxWidgets; this avoids the need of different builds of the same application/library because of different "build modes". */