diff --git a/src/db_accessors.h b/src/db_accessors.h
index 500c86f..a3f601b 100644
--- a/src/db_accessors.h
+++ b/src/db_accessors.h
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ namespace ro {
 		template < typename T,
 			typename std::enable_if<!is_sqlite3_field_type<T>::value, int >::type dummy_arg = 0 >
 			void bind(int i, const T& j) {
-			static_assert(ro::serializable<T>, "Don't know how to store this type in a database");
+			static_assert(ro::has_machine_independent_representation<T>, "Don't know how to store this type in a database");
 			(*this)->Isqlite3_bind(i, ro::serialize(j));
 		}
 		typedef Icompiled_sql::sql_result result;
diff --git a/src/ristretto255.h b/src/ristretto255.h
index 3a4eb57..7faf593 100644
--- a/src/ristretto255.h
+++ b/src/ristretto255.h
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ namespace ristretto255 {
 		ro::to_base64_string, ro::is_serializable,
 		ro::serialize, ro::bin2hex, ro::hex2bin,
 		ro::bin2hex, ro::CompileSizedString,
-		ro::serializable;
+		ro::has_machine_independent_representation;
 				;
 	//	a class representing ristretto255 elliptic points
 	class point;
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ namespace ristretto255 {
 			assert(i == 0);
 		}
 
-		template<serializable T, typename... Args>
+		template<has_machine_independent_representation T, typename... Args>
 		hsh<hashsize>& hashinto(const T& j, Args... args) {
 			auto sj = ro::serialize(j);
 			int i = crypto_generichash_blake2b_update(
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ namespace ristretto255 {
 			return *this;
 		}
 
-		template<serializable T> hsh<hashsize>& operator << (const T& j) {
+		template<has_machine_independent_representation T> hsh<hashsize>& operator << (const T& j) {
 			auto sj = ro::serialize(j);
 			auto i = crypto_generichash_blake2b_update(
 				&(this->st),
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ namespace ristretto255 {
 
 
 	};
-	static_assert(!serializable<hsh<256> >, "Don't want to partially hash partial hashes");
+	static_assert(!has_machine_independent_representation<hsh<256> >, "Don't want to partially hash partial hashes");
 
 	//	This constructs a finalized hash.
 	//	If it has one argument, and that argument is hsh (unfinalized hash) object,
@@ -194,11 +194,12 @@ namespace ristretto255 {
 			assert(i == 0);
 			if (i) throw HashReuseException();
 		}
-		template< serializable T, typename... Args>explicit hash(const T& first, Args... args) {
+		template< has_machine_independent_representation T, typename... Args>explicit hash(const T& first, Args... args) {
+
 			hsh<hashsize> in;
 			in << first;
 			if constexpr (sizeof...(args) > 0) {
-				in.hashinto(args...);
+				in.hashinto( args...);
 			}
 			int i = crypto_generichash_blake2b_final(
 				&in.st,
@@ -280,6 +281,7 @@ namespace ristretto255 {
 				"we need 512 bit randoms to ensure our points and scalars are uniformly distributed"
 				);
 			//  There should be scalar from hash, not point from hash
+			//	libsodium already supplies a random point
 			int i{
 				crypto_core_ristretto255_from_hash(&blob[0], &(x.blob)[0]) };
 			assert(i == 0);
@@ -434,21 +436,21 @@ namespace ristretto255 {
 	static_assert(ro::is_blob_field_type<point>::value);
 	static_assert(ro::is_blob_field_type<hash<256> >::value);
 	static_assert(false == ro::is_blob_field_type<char*>::value);
-	static_assert(ro::is_serializable<scalar&>::value);
-	static_assert(ro::is_serializable<hash<512>&>::value);
+	static_assert(ro::has_machine_independent_representation<scalar&>);
+	static_assert(ro::has_machine_independent_representation<hash<512>&>);
 	static_assert(ro::is_blob_field_type<int>::value == false);
-	static_assert(ro::is_serializable<unsigned int>::value);
-	static_assert(ro::is_serializable<char*>::value);
-	static_assert(ro::is_serializable<uint8_t*>::value == false); //false because uint8_t * has no inband terminator
-	static_assert(false == ro::is_serializable<wxString>::value && !ro::is_constructible_from_v<hash<256>, wxString>, "wxStrings are apt to convert anything to anything, with surprising and unexpected results");
-	static_assert(ro::is_serializable<decltype(std::declval<wxString>().ToUTF8())>::value == true);
+	static_assert(ro::has_machine_independent_representation<unsigned int>);
+	static_assert(ro::has_machine_independent_representation<char*>);
+	static_assert(ro::has_machine_independent_representation<uint8_t*> == false); //false because uint8_t * has no inband terminator
+	static_assert(false == ro::has_machine_independent_representation<wxString> && !ro::is_constructible_from_v<hash<256>, wxString>, "wxStrings are apt to convert anything to anything, with surprising and unexpected results");
+	static_assert(ro::has_machine_independent_representation<decltype(std::declval<wxString>().ToUTF8())> == true);
 	static_assert(ro::is_constructible_from_all_of<scalar, int, hash<512>, std::array<uint8_t, crypto_core_ristretto255_BYTES>>);
-	static_assert(ro::is_constructible_from_all_of<hash<256>, char*, short, unsigned short, hash<512>, point, scalar>, "want to be able to hash anything serializable");
+	static_assert(ro::is_constructible_from_all_of<hash<256>, char*, short, unsigned short, hash<512>, point, scalar>, "want to be able to hash anything has_machine_independent_representation");
 	static_assert(false == ro::is_constructible_from_any_of<int, scalar, point, hsh<512>, hash<256>>);
 	static_assert(false == ro::is_constructible_from_any_of <scalar, wxString, hash<256>, byte*>, "do not want indiscriminate casts");
 	static_assert(false == ro::is_constructible_from_any_of <point, wxString, hash<256>, byte*>, "do not want indiscriminate casts ");
 	static_assert(false == ro::is_constructible_from_v<hash<256>, float>);
-	static_assert(ro::is_serializable<float>::value == false);//Need to convert floats to
+	static_assert(ro::has_machine_independent_representation<float> == false);//Need to convert floats to
 		//	their machine independent representation, possibly through idexp, frexp
 		//	 and DBL_MANT_DIG
 	static_assert(sizeof(decltype(ro::serialize(std::declval<scalar>())[0])) == 1);
diff --git a/src/serialization.h b/src/serialization.h
index cf6a371..0fcae03 100644
--- a/src/serialization.h
+++ b/src/serialization.h
@@ -59,12 +59,14 @@
 
 	//	This template generates a span over an indexable byte type,
 	//	such as a C array or an std::array, but not pointers
-	template < typename T>
-	std::enable_if_t<
-		!std::is_pointer<T>::value   &&
-		sizeof(std::declval<T>()[0]) == 1,
-		std::span<const byte>
-	> serialize(const T& a) {
+	template<class T> 
+	concept byte_spannable = requires (T a) {
+		std::size(a);
+		a[0];
+	} && sizeof(std::declval<T>()[0]) == 1;
+
+	template<byte_spannable T>
+	auto serialize(const T& a) {
 		int l;
 		const void* pt;
 		if constexpr (std::is_same_v<std::remove_cvref_t<T>, std::string>) {
@@ -301,27 +303,21 @@
 		format being 44 digits in a base 58 representation.*/
 
 	//	a compile time test to check if an object class has a machine independent representation
-	template <typename T, typename... Args> struct is_serializable{
-		template <typename U, typename... Args2>
-		static constexpr decltype(ro::serialize(std::declval<U>()), bool()) test() {
-			if constexpr (sizeof...(Args2) > 0) {
-				return is_serializable::template test<Args2...>();
-			}
-			else {
-				return true;
-			}
-		}
-		template <typename U, typename... Args2> static constexpr bool test(int = 0) {
-			return false;
-		}
-		static constexpr bool value = is_serializable::template test<T,Args...>();
+	template<typename T> concept has_machine_independent_representation = requires (T a) {
+		serialize(a);
 	};
-
+	
+	template <typename T, typename... Args> static constexpr bool is_serializable() {
+		if constexpr (!has_machine_independent_representation<T>) return false;
+		else if constexpr (sizeof...(Args) > 0)  return is_serializable<Args...>();
+		else return true;
+	};
+	
 	template<typename... Args>
-	concept serializable = is_serializable<Args...>::value;
+	concept allserializable = is_serializable<Args...>();
 
-	static_assert( !serializable<double>
-		&& serializable<std::span<const byte>, char*, std::span<const char>>,
+	static_assert( !has_machine_independent_representation<double>
+		&& allserializable<std::span<const byte>, char*, std::span<const char>>,
 		"concepts needed");
 
 	template<class T> ro::CompileSizedString< (2 * sizeof(T))>bin2hex(const T& pt) {
@@ -351,4 +347,4 @@
 		return sz;
 	}
 
-} //End ro namespace
\ No newline at end of file
+} //End ro namespace
diff --git a/src/testbed.cpp b/src/testbed.cpp
index 1a44eac..a0ab14e 100644
--- a/src/testbed.cpp
+++ b/src/testbed.cpp
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ namespace testbed {
 	using /*ristretto255::hash, ristretto255::hsh, */ristretto255::scalar,
 		ristretto255::point, ro::serialize, ro::bin2hex, ro::hex2bin,
 		ro::bin2hex, ro::fasthash, ro::CompileSizedString,
-		ro::base58, ro::serializable;
+		ro::base58, ro::has_machine_independent_representation;
 	static constexpr char SrcFilename[]{ "src/testbed.cpp" };
 
 
diff --git a/src/unit_test.cpp b/src/unit_test.cpp
index 47403d5..62ea8f5 100644
--- a/src/unit_test.cpp
+++ b/src/unit_test.cpp
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ static bool checkDataConversionsProduceExpected(void){
 		point pt_a{ scl_a.timesBase() };
 		std::string str_pt_a = &(base58(pt_a))[0];
 		assert(base58<point>::bin(str_pt_a.c_str()) == pt_a);
-		hash<256> hash_b{ hash_a,str_hash_a,scl_a,str_sclr_a,pt_a,str_pt_a,33, 66ull };
+		hash<256> hash_b{ hash_a, str_hash_a, scl_a, str_sclr_a, pt_a, str_pt_a, 33, 66ull };
 		auto str_b = base58(hash_b).operator std::string();
 		if (str_b != "7cTScjKyUtmbvc28BV3ok51szgrQmaBa2YE5HPBcukC9e"
 			) {